learning resume of Error Analysis

ERROR ANALYSIS

1. Error Analysis Definitions

Ø      According to Brown 2007:284) error analysis is the study of observing, analyzing, and classifying the errors made by the learners.

Ø      Error analysis  in Second Language Acquisition from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia’s article point out that it studies the types and causes of language errors.

Ø      Error Analysis  in Foreign Language Teaching according to Vacide Erdogan’s jurnal is a branch of applied linguistics, emerged in the sixties to demonstrate that learner errors were not only because of the learner’s  native language but also they reflected some universal learning strategies. On the other hand, he explained that error analysis deals with the learner’ performance in terms of the cognitive processes they make use of in recognizing or coding the input they receive from the target language. Moreover he concluded that the focus of error analysis is on the evidence that learners’ error provide with an understanding of the underlying process of second language acquisition.  

Ø      Error Analysis in Language Teaching according to Fahrettin Sanal in his paper’s abstract entitled “Error Analysis Based Second Language Teaching Strategies ” define error analysis is a technique for identifying, describing and systematically explaining the errors made by a learner, using any of the principles and procedures provided by linguistics.

2. Description of Mistakes and Errors

According to Brown (2007:282) it is importance to distinguish the differences between mistakes and errors. Therefore, he explained that:

Ø      a mistake refers to a performance error that is either random or a slip of the  tongue, in that is a failure to utilize a known system correctly (Brown.2002:282-28E); the learners are able to correct their fault.

Ø      an error refers to noticeable deviation from the adult native speaker’s grammar (Brown. 2007:28E); the learners do not able to correct their fault.

3. The classification of error analysis

1.      modality ( level of proficiency in speaking, writing, reading, and listening )

2.      linguistics levels ( pronounciation, grammar, vocabulary)

3.      form (omission, insertion, substitution)

4.      type ( systemic errors/error in competence vs, occasional errors/errors in performance)

4. The Sources of Errors

Ø      Interlingual transfer:

It caused by the learner’s first language.

Ø      Intralingual transfer:

It caused by the influence of one target language.

learning resume of semantics

SEMANTICS

 resume by:Dewi Yana, S.Pd.

A. Definition:

Ø      According to Geoffrey Leech:

Ø      Semantics is the study of meaning; it is a corpus in communication.

Ø      It becomes the central study which learns the human thought, which is thinking process, cognition, conceptualization; those are re-correlated to the way of conveying and classifying our experiences in the real world through language.

Ø      It observes the meaning which can be expressed.

B. The scope of Semantics

Ø      According to Leech Linguistic competence consist of a phonological representation, a syntactic representation and a semantic representation for the analysis any sentence. phonology concerns to the sounds, syntax concerns to the grammatical structures and semantics concerns to the meaning

Ø      In decoding processes, the listener moves from phonology to semantics.

Ø      In encoding processes, the speaker moves from semantics to phonology.

                                                                                       LISTENER

 

                                                                                                   

           

                                                SPEAKER

B. Seven Types of Meaning according to Leech:

1. Conceptual meaning                    Logical, cognitive, or denotative context. It also called denotative or cognitive meaning which is considered as the central factor in the language communication.

2. Connotative meaning                   what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to

3. Stylistic Meaning                         what is communicated by social context of language using.

4. Affective meaning                       what is conveyed by speaker’s or writer’s attitude or speaker’s or Writer’s habit

                                              

5. Reflected meaning                       what is communicated through the association to another sense of the same expressions.

6. collocative meaning                     What is communicated by the association in which the word meaning occurred to other words circumstances.

7. Thematic meaning                       what is communicated through the basic arrangement and emphasize of the message.

 Refereneces:

1. Leech Geoffrey. 2003. Semantics (Translator: Paina Partana).        Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar

2. Adisutrisno Wagiam.2008.Semantics.Yogyakarta: Andi Offset

On The Road

Day by day passage.....
Any movements on the road also always go on. As the same as to those condition, it could not be stopped that the amount of accidents on the land transportation almost increase.

In relation to the topic above, there are several reasons why do the number of accidents run.
Firstly, there are many people do not pay attention to the traffics lights. for example: Everyday I always go out to the campus at about 5 pm-6pm, It is the exact time to the employers taking home. When I passed the Kampung Becek crossroad to Perumnas Fanindo I  found there were some people crossed  the red light which was turning up.I also met some people return back in the middle of road without giving some signs to the others riders or drivers.Its really a ridiculous road action. the next reason of the accident was there are not enough traffic signs  provided.For instance, I never  saw the signs of DON'T SURPASS  as long as my way from Komplek perum PGRI to the campus of  Unrika  in batu Aji Baru avenue,whether  I passed the base camp crossroad or forwarded to sekupang way.The other reason perhaps because of the lack of the police to keep the road rules.

We should acknowledge that the accident could not be ignore unless we try to do something to avoid it. it can be happen everywhere and anytime. In addition it also does not see the age, when ti will be, it will be happen. Therefore, we have to do some ways to decrease the causes of the accidents. There are some alternatives can be offered to solve those problems.Firstly, the drivers or the riders should understand the traffic signs and its rule. Secondly, the government should cover the traffic signs and give some socialization of its rule to the road user. Thirdly, the police should strengthen the road guardian   mainly in the taking work time or leaving work time.

In conclusion, the triangle participations should be combine to reduce the numbers of accident on the road. They are the understanding of the road user, the provided of the traffic light and the attitude of the police.

The Disasters

           There are two tragedies hit Indonesian people: The tsunami in the Mentawai island of west Sumatra and the mount eruption in Yogyakarta. Both of these natural event were shown in the television, and they were so shocking.I could not believe that it is the easy one for them who became the victims.


           The tsunami in Mentawai killed more than four hundred people,while the mount Merapi killed dozen of people its surrounding. A woman became a widow, a man became a widower, the children become orphan. I just wonder how was their filling? watched the live news on TV seems to be  watching a dramatic film, but I realized it was not a film its a real.

          WHAT COULD I DO TO RUIN THEIRS SUFFERING?

Are You Special ?

          Asked this question to yourself to make sure that you are a special one. look something special in your life, anything about your life. You may write it down to build up your spirit. it is aimed to grow up your future. it does not to show that you need to be prided by many people.it just to keep your spirit and remain you that there are many thing inside yourself to be offer to the others. It can help you to be more confidence to face your future.

I and My Activities

Sometimes I feel hard to face my life,but I have done it.
Staying far from my big families and my husband who always taking job out side are not simple struggle.
These conditions made me often alone to handle almost all my home activities.

Despite as  a young mother for my two sons, I am also a teacher, and an organizer of The Education for the kids.In addition, I am a board of Majlis Ta'lim in my home complex.
I need time to keep them all to be handled well.

But for over all, Alhamdulillah I enjoy it as I enjoy my self. It because of  my children who are become my biggest spirit.And of course they are always to be my first priority.