learning resume of Error Analysis

ERROR ANALYSIS

1. Error Analysis Definitions

Ø      According to Brown 2007:284) error analysis is the study of observing, analyzing, and classifying the errors made by the learners.

Ø      Error analysis  in Second Language Acquisition from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia’s article point out that it studies the types and causes of language errors.

Ø      Error Analysis  in Foreign Language Teaching according to Vacide Erdogan’s jurnal is a branch of applied linguistics, emerged in the sixties to demonstrate that learner errors were not only because of the learner’s  native language but also they reflected some universal learning strategies. On the other hand, he explained that error analysis deals with the learner’ performance in terms of the cognitive processes they make use of in recognizing or coding the input they receive from the target language. Moreover he concluded that the focus of error analysis is on the evidence that learners’ error provide with an understanding of the underlying process of second language acquisition.  

Ø      Error Analysis in Language Teaching according to Fahrettin Sanal in his paper’s abstract entitled “Error Analysis Based Second Language Teaching Strategies ” define error analysis is a technique for identifying, describing and systematically explaining the errors made by a learner, using any of the principles and procedures provided by linguistics.

2. Description of Mistakes and Errors

According to Brown (2007:282) it is importance to distinguish the differences between mistakes and errors. Therefore, he explained that:

Ø      a mistake refers to a performance error that is either random or a slip of the  tongue, in that is a failure to utilize a known system correctly (Brown.2002:282-28E); the learners are able to correct their fault.

Ø      an error refers to noticeable deviation from the adult native speaker’s grammar (Brown. 2007:28E); the learners do not able to correct their fault.

3. The classification of error analysis

1.      modality ( level of proficiency in speaking, writing, reading, and listening )

2.      linguistics levels ( pronounciation, grammar, vocabulary)

3.      form (omission, insertion, substitution)

4.      type ( systemic errors/error in competence vs, occasional errors/errors in performance)

4. The Sources of Errors

Ø      Interlingual transfer:

It caused by the learner’s first language.

Ø      Intralingual transfer:

It caused by the influence of one target language.

learning resume of semantics

SEMANTICS

 resume by:Dewi Yana, S.Pd.

A. Definition:

Ø      According to Geoffrey Leech:

Ø      Semantics is the study of meaning; it is a corpus in communication.

Ø      It becomes the central study which learns the human thought, which is thinking process, cognition, conceptualization; those are re-correlated to the way of conveying and classifying our experiences in the real world through language.

Ø      It observes the meaning which can be expressed.

B. The scope of Semantics

Ø      According to Leech Linguistic competence consist of a phonological representation, a syntactic representation and a semantic representation for the analysis any sentence. phonology concerns to the sounds, syntax concerns to the grammatical structures and semantics concerns to the meaning

Ø      In decoding processes, the listener moves from phonology to semantics.

Ø      In encoding processes, the speaker moves from semantics to phonology.

                                                                                       LISTENER

 

                                                                                                   

           

                                                SPEAKER

B. Seven Types of Meaning according to Leech:

1. Conceptual meaning                    Logical, cognitive, or denotative context. It also called denotative or cognitive meaning which is considered as the central factor in the language communication.

2. Connotative meaning                   what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to

3. Stylistic Meaning                         what is communicated by social context of language using.

4. Affective meaning                       what is conveyed by speaker’s or writer’s attitude or speaker’s or Writer’s habit

                                              

5. Reflected meaning                       what is communicated through the association to another sense of the same expressions.

6. collocative meaning                     What is communicated by the association in which the word meaning occurred to other words circumstances.

7. Thematic meaning                       what is communicated through the basic arrangement and emphasize of the message.

 Refereneces:

1. Leech Geoffrey. 2003. Semantics (Translator: Paina Partana).        Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar

2. Adisutrisno Wagiam.2008.Semantics.Yogyakarta: Andi Offset